uso del tabaco]]> adolescentes]]> América Latina]]> indígenas]]> ceremonial tobacco use]]> youth]]> Latin America]]> indigenous]]> The study was conducted in the province of Jujuy, Argentina, among 202 young people of both genders, between 10 and 20 years of age, living in rural and urban areas. Qualitative interviews were carried out, asking the youths to focus on tangible experiences related to their participation in the ritual of Pachamama, or Mother Earth. In this way, we were able to gain access to the meanings that young people attributed to this ceremony and to relate them to elements of the Andean worldview.
Concepts such as reciprocity, the unity of material and spiritual elements, and the complementation of opposing forces were identified in the youths’ accounts. We identified three domains of interest for understanding behaviors associated with cigarette smoking in the ritual context: a) mechanisms for the production of beliefs and norms; b) the conceptual foundations of beliefs and norms; and c) forms of behavior resulting from those beliefs and norms.
Smoking prevention interventions based on solidarity, reciprocity, and non-rational ways of learning could improve the effectiveness of current strategies aimed at generating healthy behaviors. The methodology used in this study may be useful in cultural studies that examine health behaviors among Indigenous populations.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2009-12-15]]> application/pdf]]> uso de tabaco]]> adolescentes]]> América Latina]]> etnicidad]]> smoking]]> youth]]> Latin America]]> ethnicity]]> In 2004, a self-administered survey was conducted among 3,131 young people enrolled in a random sample of 27 urban and rural schools in the province of Jujuy, Argentina. Questions adapted from global tobacco-use surveys were used.
We found a higher percentage of current smokers, defined as those who had smoked in the previous month, among Indigenous youth (23%; 95% CI = 21–25) and those who self-identified as mixed Indigenous and European (23%; 95% CI = 18.9–27.1), compared with European youth (11.4%; 95% CI = 6.7–15.1).
The adjusted odds of smoking in the previous month were considerably higher for Indigenous youth (OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.1–3.3) and mixed Indigenous and European youth (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.2–3.4), after controlling for sociodemographic and psychosocial risk factors.
Other psychosocial factors associated with current smoking included having at least one friend who smoked, repeating a grade in school, depressive symptoms during the previous year, an orientation toward risk-taking behaviors, and drinking alcoholic beverages during the previous week.
These results underscore the importance of addressing social and cultural diversity in the global tobacco epidemic.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2009-12-15]]> application/pdf]]> tabaquismo]]> adolescentes]]> emociones negativas]]> Jujuy]]> regiones geográficas]]> tobacco]]> adolescents]]> negative emotions]]> Jujuy]]> geographical regions]]> The data come from 159 individual interviews and 38 focus groups conducted with 302 adolescents of both sexes, between 10 and 19 years of age. The results indicate that: 1) the adolescents interviewed began using tobacco at a very early age, without knowing why and without knowing the exact consequences of such a decision; 2) negative emotions played an important role in the initiation of tobacco use, with anxiety appearing as the most important; 3) negative emotions emerge as a response to specific situations and circumstances; 4) anxiety is frequently associated with depression, sadness, and loneliness; and 5) no differences were observed among the different geographic regions considered.
The negative emotions reported in this study are the product of specific life experiences. When these emotional states become too intense or frequent, or when they persist over time, they tend to produce behavioral changes in such a way that healthy habits are neglected and addictive behaviors, such as smoking, are developed.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2009-12-15]]> application/pdf]]> género]]> consumo de tabaco]]> adolescentes]]> Jujuy]]> gender]]> tobacco consumption]]> adolescents]]> Jujuy]]> The general objective of this paper is to identify continuities and ruptures in gender constructions among smokers and non-smokers, distinguishing them by region and area, and to specify their connection with tobacco use.
The analysis is carried out from an interpretive and gender perspective, based on interviews with adolescent and young male and female smokers and non-smokers. These interviews were conducted during 2003 and 2004 in three different geographic zones of the province of Jujuy: Capital, Puna, and Quebrada, all of which belong to the Andean area of Latin America.
The interviews sought to identify common characteristics, first differentiating them by sex among smokers and non-smokers; then among smokers only; and, third, among non-smokers only. On the basis of this initial identification, a second stage consisted of a qualitative-interpretive analysis, comparative in character, by geographic zone and from a gender perspective.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2009-12-15]]> application/pdf]]> tabaco]]> trabajadores rurales]]> condiciones laborales]]> pesticidas]]> tobacco]]> farm workers]]> working conditions]]> pesticides]]> Women constitute the majority of workers involved in stringing and unstringing tobacco leaves for curing (95.6%), while men predominate in harvesting (87.3%), curing (65.5%), hoeing (58.2%), and planting (52.7%). Twelve percent began working in this occupation before the age of 14. Ten percent are of Bolivian nationality; 58% work for three months, and only 14% work year-round in this occupation.
Sixty-two percent reported knowing that pesticides are harmful to health. Thirty-three percent experienced symptoms compatible with pesticide poisoning and, of these, only 36.3% went to a health service.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2009-12-15]]> application/pdf]]> prácticas socioculturales]]> consumo de cigarrillo]]> guaraní]]> Jujuy]]> sociocultural practices]]> smoking]]> guarani]]> Jujuy]]> The paper analyzes the structural, social, and cultural living conditions of young people belonging to the Guaraní Indigenous People who live in urban or rural areas of the “lowlands” in western Jujuy, inserted into the characteristic hegemonic-Western way of life of national society. We found that, in order to understand the motivations for engaging in risk behavior patterns, it is necessary to understand not only the socioeconomic context in which these young people are situated, but also the worldview and way of understanding the world of Amazonian Indigenous Peoples.
This requires a redefinition of the conceptual categories concerning youth and smoking. Any reflection on youth, and even more so on the practice of tobacco/cigarette consumption, implies taking into account not only individual aspects, but also how these acquire meaning in the interaction among groups of young people, the family, the school, and society. In short, smoking appears as one more social construction within “being young”, while at the same time laying bare a series of structural shortcomings: institutional/educational and affective/familial.]]> Redefinición de las categorías conceptuales acerca de la problemática de la juventud y el tabaquismo. Cualquier reflexión que se intente hacer en torno a la juventud, y mucho más sobre la práctica de consumo del tabaco/cigarrillo, implica tener en cuenta no solo los aspectos, individuales, sino cómo estos adquieren sentido en la interacción entre otros grupos de jóvenes, la familia, la escuela, la sociedad. En definitiva, el fumar aparece como una construcción social más en el “ser joven”, a la vez que desnuda una serie de falencias estructurales (institucionales/educativas, afectivas/familiares).]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2009-12-15]]> application/pdf]]> personal de enfermería]]> prevención]]> promoción]]> tabaquismo]]> San Salvador de Jujuy]]> personal of nursing]]> prevention]]> health promotion]]> smoking]]> San Salvador de Jujuy]]> This paper analyzes the causes of the prevalence of smoking among nursing personnel, with emphasis on their roles as prevention agents and health promoters. The data (N = 163) come from a semi-structured questionnaire and participant observation. Quantitative results are expressed on the basis of descriptive statistics and compared by means of a t-test. Qualitative results are analyzed according to ad hoc categories.
The results showed: a) higher tobacco use among women; b) an average age of onset of addiction between 10 and 15 years; c) imitation as the most predominant factor in the initiation of the habit; and d) COPD as the main pathology associated with tobacco use.
Smoking exposes nursing personnel to health risks and requires prevention and recovery measures for the affected staff. In this context, it is essential to mobilize the nursing team, as an actor in community health, toward behavioral changes that may lead to a revaluation of self-care in relation to their own health, prioritizing the preventive rather than the curative aspect. In this way, those who do not smoke should seek to avoid doing so, while those who do smoke should seek the necessary help to reverse the situation.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2009-12-15]]> application/pdf]]> cáncer]]> oncología]]> prevención]]> tratamientos]]> cancer]]> oncology]]> prevention]]> treatment]]> The present text does not aim to constitute a monograph on the subject, since, given the magnitude of the available information, the relevant bibliographic references would be countless. The clearest example in the field of oncology is provided by the absolute number of participants in the annual American congress of clinical oncology, which is close to 35,000, with an average of 5,000 papers submitted to that event from all corners of the world.
The objective of this paper is to offer reflections on general knowledge about cancer, a frequent pathology in living organisms.]]> El presente texto no tiene la ambición de representar una monografía sobre el tema que, teniendo en cuenta la magnitud de información disponible, las citas bibliográficas pertinentes serían incontables. El ejemplo más concreto en el ámbito de la oncología lo brinda el número absoluto de concurrentes al congreso anual americano de oncología clínica, que se encuentra cercano a los 35.000, con un promedio de 5.000 trabajos enviados para ese evento desde todos los rincones del planeta.
El objetivo de este trabajo es brindar reflexiones sobre un conocimiento general del cáncer, una patología frecuente en todo ser vivo.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2009-12-15]]> application/pdf]]> intención comunicativa]]> lenguaje]]> niños]]> desarrollo]]> communicative intention]]> language]]> children]]> development]]> The theoretical basis of this research is drawn from Halliday’s work (1982) on the study and analysis of communicative intention. Halliday proposes the concept of basic functions of language, comprising the instrumental, regulatory, interactional, personal, heuristic, and imaginative functions, which become more complex in their evolution and give rise to new functions known as pragmatic and mathetic.
A combined quantitative-qualitative approach was adopted. The quantitative methodology is framed within a quasi-experimental model. For this purpose, a population of 30 infants between 9 and 24 months of age was selected from two different sectors of the city of San Salvador de Jujuy. In order to form the two samples, the origin of the children living with their families was analyzed; that is, their belonging either to a central urban context, Sample A—nursery schools—or to a peripheral urban context, Sample B—the Hospital Playroom. The study lacked a control group. Within the qualitative methodologies, an ethnographic approach was used, insofar as it offers a comprehensive dimension of the development of communicative intention and is articulated with the quantitative methodology also employed.
After studying communicative intentions in young children, the study concludes that there is agreement between the appearance and evolution of the basic linguistic functions described theoretically and those observed in the research. In both samples, there is a predominance of the basic instrumental, regulatory, and interactional functions over the remaining ones. In all the children, presymbolic communicative behaviors appear during the personal function, with presymbolic gestures and preverbal vocalizations that extend beyond what is expected during the child’s first year of life.
A predominance of the functional uses of language known as “protoimperatives” was found, insofar as they are defined as direct attempts to obtain the adult’s attention toward an object or event. Protoimperative uses develop mainly during the first sixteen months of life. The personal function appears as a hinge between the first three functions and the increasing complexity of the later ones. These results coincide with the language known as “protodeclaratives”, at which point it becomes evident that children attempt to get the adult to do something.
The discussion focuses on complex axes related to the meaning that language has for the caregiver—mother or teacher—the place assigned to language, and its limited relation to the developmental character of the child’s communicative intentions.]]> Para esta investigación, se toma la base teórica que inicia Halliday (1982) en el estudio y análisis de la intención comunicativa, el autor propone el concepto de funciones básicas del lenguaje, conformada por las funciones instrumental, regulativa, interaccional, personal, heurística e imaginativa, complejizándose en su evolución en otras nuevas, que se denominan pragmática y matética.
Se opta por la combinación de los enfoques cuanti-cualitativo, la metodología cuantitativa se encuadra en el modelo “cuasi-experimental”. Con ese propósito, se selecciona una población de 30 (treinta) infantes entre 9 y 24 meses de dos sectores diferentes de la ciudad de San Salvador de Jujuy. Para formar las dos muestras, se analiza la procedencia de los pequeños que viven con sus familias; es decir, su pertenencia, sea a un contexto urbano céntrico (Muestra A - Jardines Maternales) o a un contexto urbano periférico (Muestra B - Sala de Juego del Hospital), careciendo de un grupo control. Dentro de las metodologías cualitativas, se apela al enfoque etnográfico, por cuanto ofrece una dimensión global del desarrollo de la intención comunicativa y se articula con la metodología cuantitativa también empleada.
Tras el estudio de las intenciones comunicativas en pequeños, se concluye que existe coincidencia en la aparición y evolución de las funciones básicas lingüísticas descritas teóricamente con las investigadas. Hay un predominio en ambas muestras de las funciones básicas: instrumental, regulatoria e interactiva, sobre las restantes. En todos los niños aparecen las conductas comunicativas presimbólicas durante la función personal, con gestos presimbólicos y con vocalizaciones preverbales que se prolongan más allá de lo esperado, durante el primer año de vida del niño.
Se halla un predominio de los usos funcionales del lenguaje, llamados “protoimperativos”, por cuanto se definen como un intento directo de conseguir la atención del adulto para un objeto o un suceso. Los usos protoimperativos se desarrollan principalmente durante los 16 primeros meses de vida. La función personal, aparece como una bisagra entre las tres primeras y la complejización de las posteriores. Estos resultados coinciden con el lenguaje denominado “protodeclarativos” y es aquí cuando se advierte que los pequeños realizan intentos para conseguir que el adulto sea quien haga algo.
Las discusiones se centran en ejes complejos, relacionados con el significado que tiene para el cuidador (madre-docente), el lugar del lenguaje y su escasa relación con el carácter evolutivo de las intenciones comunicativas del niño.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2009-12-15]]> application/pdf]]> aborto]]> embarazo adolescente]]> representaciones sociales]]> abortion]]> adolescent pregnancy]]> social representations]]> The objective of this paper is to show the social representations of pregnancy and abortion in adolescence from the viewpoint of pregnant adolescents. Forty-five open interviews were conducted with these adolescents in a public hospital in 2004.
Most of them state that “many girls become pregnant during adolescence”. One quarter consider it a problem, and half relativize it to certain cases: when girls lack resources, did not seek pregnancy, are too young, have no partner, the baby’s parents use drugs, or their families do not support them. However, for more than half of them, it is not a problem “in their case”.
Two thirds of the adolescents interviewed “blame” girls for behaviors they consider unacceptable and with which they do not identify: girls become pregnant because “they are careless”, “they do not think”, “they become infatuated with a boy”, or “they only want to have sex”.
Half attribute pregnancy to, and identify with, reasons such as “being in love” or “wanting to have children”. Several attribute it to lack of information and to conflictive family relationships.
Pregnancy is viewed as natural and normal, and they consider that prevention would depend on individual decisions.
Almost all of them think that “many girls decide to terminate their pregnancy”. Abortion appears as unacceptable and dangerous.
These and other representations—shaped by the social context and gender socialization—should be considered in preventive and health-promotion actions.]]> El objetivo del trabajo es mostrar cuáles son las representaciones acerca del embarazo y el aborto en la adolescencia desde la perspectiva de las adolescentes embarazadas.
Se efectuaron 45 entrevistas abiertas a dichas adolescentes en un hospital público en 2004.
La mayoría opina que «muchas chicas se embarazan siendo adolescentes». Una cuarta parte considera que es un problema y la mitad lo relativiza a determinados casos: si no tienen recursos, no lo buscaron, son chicas, no tienen pareja; los padres del bebé se drogan, la familia no las apoya. Pero para más de la mitad no es un problema «en su caso».
Las dos terceras partes «culpabilizan» a las chicas por conductas consideradas inaceptables y con las cuales no se identifican: las chicas quedan embarazadas porque «son descuidadas», «no piensan», «se encaprichan con un chico», «sólo quieren irse a la cama».
La mitad lo atribuye y se identifica con motivos como «estar enamoradas» o «querer tener hijos».
Varias lo atribuyen a la falta de información y a las relaciones familiares conflictivas.
El embarazo es visto como natural y normal, y consideran que la prevención pasaría por decisiones individuales.
Casi todas opinan que «muchas chicas deciden interrumpir el embarazo». El aborto aparece como inaceptable y peligroso.
Estas y otras representaciones —atravesadas por el contexto social y la socialización de género— deberían considerarse en las acciones preventivas y de promoción.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2009-12-15]]> application/pdf]]> salud materna]]> factores de riesgo]]> mujeres en edad fértil]]> áreas de riesgo de la Provincia de Jujuy]]> representaciones sociales]]> personal de salud]]> maternal health]]> risk factors]]> women of reproductive age]]> risk areas in Jujuy province]]> social representations]]> healthcare personnel]]> To this end, the study analyzes the importance of factors such as place of residence according to geographic areas of the province and women’s age, as well as their relationship with the presence of undesired health outcomes, such as puerperal infections, hemorrhages, tears, or other obstetric complications, including maternal mortality. This information will be presented in due course to the authorities of health institutions.
From a qualitative perspective, the study investigates and interprets the attitudes and interests of the different actors within Maternal Health Services regarding the risk factors that may be present in the population under their care. This is relevant because the response they offer to the population for which they are responsible is closely linked to the concept of health-disease they have constructed.
An ecological and integrative perspective, one that considers the personal, family, cultural, and geographic conditions in which people’s lives unfold, is fundamental for deciding the most appropriate actions for the prevention of illness or death among women and for the individual and collective construction of the path toward health.]]> Para ello, analiza la importancia que tienen los factores residencia según zonas geográficas de la provincia y edad de las mujeres y su relación con la presencia de resultados no deseados en la salud, tales como infecciones puerperales, hemorragias, desgarros u otras complicaciones obstétricas, así como la mortalidad materna, información que será oportunamente presentada ante las autoridades de las instituciones de salud.
Desde lo cualitativo, se indaga e interpreta las actitudes e interés de los diferentes actores de los Servicios de Salud Materna, con respecto a los factores de riesgo que pudieran estar presentes en la población que les toca atender. Esto es relevante porque la respuesta que ofrecen a la población a su cargo está estrechamente vinculada al concepto de salud-enfermedad que han construido: una mirada ecológica, integradora, donde se consideran las condiciones personales, familiares, culturales y geográficas en las que deviene la vida de las personas, es fundamental para decidir las acciones más apropiadas para la prevención de enfermedades o muerte en las mujeres y la construcción individual y colectiva del camino a la salud.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2009-12-15]]> application/pdf]]> alcoholismo]]> funciones superiores]]> adultos]]> Jujuy]]> alcoholism]]> higher mental fuctions]]> adults]]> Jujuy]]> In all cases, DSM-IV criteria for alcohol intake were respected. The methods were condensed into a standardized clinical history, to which the following were added: a neurological evaluation by systems; the Pathological Pattern of Intake and the Form of Consumption (Labriola/Kalina, 1993); Higher Mental Functions, assessed through the “Mini-Mental State Examination” (Folstein and Folstein, 1975, modified by Lobo et al., 1985); and Constructional Praxis (Barbizet and Ph. Duizabo, 1978).
The impact on Higher Mental Functions is significant. For example, language, particularly syntax, accounts for 29%, while other aspects together account for 50%. In 69% of the cases, praxias are difficult and require reinforcement, and 55.88% present cognitive disorders.
The results concerning Higher Mental Functions, in addition to providing an image of an important part of the systems involved, allow us to objectify the damage more clearly and to better understand the “biobehavioral” dimension, also reflected in the Pathological Pattern of Intake and the Form of Consumption.]]> La repercusión sobre las Funciones Superiores es importante: por ejemplo, el lenguaje (sintaxis, 29%) y otros aspectos suman un 50%. En un 69% de los casos, las praxias son dificultosas y reforzadas y un 55,88% se presentan trastornos cognitivos. Los resultados en las Funciones Superiores, además de proporcionarnos una imagen de una parte importante de los sistemas, nos permite objetivar más claramente el daño y comprender mejor lo "biocomportamental", graficados también en P.P. de I. y F. de C.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2009-12-15]]> application/pdf]]> Jujuy]]> salud]]> adultos]]> motivación]]> contexto]]> Jujuy]]> health]]> adults]]> motivation]]> context]]> Neurological clinical histories and epidemiological data were consulted. The Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Beck Inventory, a questionnaire used to assess the degree of depression, were also applied. Serology included cholinesterase testing.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2009-12-15]]> application/pdf]]> atención]]> calidad]]> evaluación]]> care]]> quality]]> evaluation]]> An evaluation of quality of care is needed because current instruments are insufficient to measure the quality of care and its capacity to satisfy the needs of the population. The general objective of this study was to investigate, from an evaluative perspective, the most relevant components of quality of care at the Campo Verde Health Center, in the province of Jujuy, during 2001.
The specific objectives were: a) to inquire into the availability of resources and the organizational level of the Center; b) to analyze the conditions presented by the structure of the Health Center; c) to identify the maternal and child care processes followed at the Center; and d) to determine the degree of user satisfaction in relation to the use of the Health Center’s services.
Methodologically, the research is descriptive, observational, and retrospective, with a multidimensional qualitative/quantitative approach. It consists of the combination of complementary instruments for the characterization of health centers and for the evaluation of structure, care processes, and outcomes.
The results show that the structure rating is fair: four items are rated good, four fair, and two poor. The process evaluation yields 74.7%, also with a fair rating. The evaluation of outcomes reveals a non-linear association among aspects of organization, accessibility, care processes, participation, and satisfaction with the service received.
The study concludes that the quality of care at the Center requires strengthening, political decision-making, technical support, and strategies for community integration.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2009-12-15]]> application/pdf]]> adulto mayor]]> impacto social]]> envejecimiento poblacional]]> Jujuy]]> elderly]]> social impact]]> ageing population]]> Jujuy]]> The general objective of this project is to achieve a qualitative-quantitative diagnosis of the situation of the elderly in the province of Jujuy, through the application of a convergent research model. Through its results, the project seeks to transfer knowledge and contribute to the definition of public policies and to the strengthening of programs and projects aimed at this population sector.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2009-12-15]]> application/pdf]]>