control de territorio]]> Puna de Jujuy]]> emplazamiento]]> organización]]> territory control]]> Jujuy Puna region]]> archaeological site]]> organization]]> The paper also reviews the information provided by different researchers who have addressed the ethnic affiliation of the ancient inhabitants of the Jujuy Puna, together with the limited ethnohistorical information available. The different positions are discussed and contrasted with archaeological data, which are in turn compared with the existing colonial documentation for the same area.
The information obtained makes it possible to propose, as a hypothesis, a more precise territorial attribution for the different ethnic groups of the Puna of Jujuy before the arrival of the Europeans. This use and control of the territory was later subject to severe changes as a consequence of colonial administration, although an important part of it continued to be occupied by its former pre-Hispanic inhabitants.]]> Se hace una revisión de la información aportada por los diferentes investigadores que trataron la adscripción étnica de los antiguos habitantes de la puna jujeña y la escasa información etnohistórica disponible. Se discuten las distintas posturas y se contrastan con los datos aportados por la arqueología. Estos se cotejan, a su vez, con la documentación colonial existente para el mismo sector.
La información obtenida permite plantear, a título de hipótesis, una adjudicación territorial más ajustada para los diferentes grupos étnicos de la puna de Jujuy antes de la llegada de los europeos. Este uso y control del territorio posteriormente estuvo sujeto a severos cambios como consecuencia de la administración colonial, si bien una parte importante del mismo continuó ocupada por los antiguos dueños prehispánicos.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2003-03-30]]> application/pdf]]> noroeste de argentina]]> inka]]> hispanoindígena]]> bioarqueología]]> arqueología de la muerte]]> cosmovisión andina]]> NW Argentina]]> hispanic-indigenous period]]> bioarchaeology]]> archaeology of death]]> andean cosmovision]]> The variety of findings corresponding to each cemetery is presented and described: SJ Til 43, or “La Falda Cemetery”, in Tilcara, Quebrada de Humahuaca, Jujuy; and SJ Cat RCh 21, or “Rincón Chico 21 Cemetery”, in the Santa María de Yokavil Valley. The results are analyzed, discussed, and interpreted in relation to their value as both direct and indirect indicators of territorial, chronological, and sociocultural significance.
The analysis concludes with a consideration of the possible components and meanings within the context of Andean traditions that emphasize long-distance exchange relations, as well as the symbolic, religious, mythological, and cosmological aspects very probably involved in the choice of funerary inclusions.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2003-03-30]]> application/pdf]]> puntas de proyectil]]> estilo]]> diseño]]> identidad]]> tecnología lítica]]> projectile points]]> style]]> design]]> identity]]> lithic technology]]> With the aim of “minimizing” subjectivity in the search for indicators of identity traits, ordination methods, including descriptive and multivariate statistics, particularly principal component analysis, were used to analyze which combination of variables has the greatest influence on artifact variation and regularity.
The points show a regular design that distinguishes them from those of other periods, such as the Formative. They are characterized by the choice of raw material, metagraywacke and obsidian; the geometric shape of the blade, triangular; the form and direction of flake scars, parallel; and the concave outline of the base of the blade.
Accepting that the lithic assemblage of projectile points can be studied in its stylistic dimension, this paper proposes to broaden the discussion on the archaeological identification of identity traits. It is also necessary to include studies of lithic technology in research on the Regional Developments and Inka periods.]]> Con la intención de “minimizar” la subjetividad al buscar indicadores de rasgos de identidad, se emplearon métodos de ordenación como ser estadística descriptiva y multivariable (análisis de componentes principales) para analizar qué combinación de variables incide en mayor medida en la variación y regularidad de los artefactos.
Las puntas tienen un diseño regular que las diferencian de otros períodos (Formativo). Se caracterizan por: elección en la materia prima (metagrauvaca y obsidiana), forma geométrica del limbo (triangular), forma y dirección de los lascados (paralelo) y con la base del limbo concavilínea.
Aceptando que el conjunto lítico de puntas de proyectil es factible de ser estudiado en su dimensión estilística, se propone ampliar la discusión sobre la identificación arqueológica de rasgos de identidad. También resulta totalmente necesario incluir estudios de la tecnología lítica en las investigaciones de los períodos de Desarrollos Regionales e Inca.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2003-03-30]]> application/pdf]]> análisis lítico]]> producción]]> variación temporo espacial]]> lithic analysis]]> production]]> spatiotemporal variation]]> It is considered that greater knowledge of the characteristics and composition of lithic artifact assemblages, as well as their temporal and spatial variation, is fundamental for understanding sociocultural dynamics and their transformations.
The paper describes the tasks carried out in relation to the analysis of the lithic materials from this site. It also offers a preliminary characterization of some artifacts and of the lithic assemblage as a whole and presents for discussion several relevant points concerning the lithic production system identified so far.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2003-03-30]]> application/pdf]]> análisis químicos]]> areas de actividad]]> intrasitio]]> chemical analyses]]> activity areas]]> intra-site analysis]]> It is proposed that the comparative analysis of all these indicators provides new tools for the interpretation of intrasite activity areas in regions where archaeological evidence is generally reduced to the surface dispersion of remains as a result of modern anthropogenic disturbance.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2003-03-30]]> application/pdf]]> tecnología lítica]]> cazadores-recolectores]]> sociedades agro-pastoriles]]> sitio a cielo abierto]]> valles y quebradas]]> Noroeste Argentino]]> lithic technology]]> hunter-gatherers]]> farmer-shepherd societies]]> open air site]]> high valleys]]> Northwestern Argentina]]> The technological study focused on identifying the different stages of the technical-operational chain, with the aim of providing information on an aspect that is still little known for sites of this kind within the valley-and-mountain area of Northwestern Argentina.
The materials, obtained through systematic surface collections and shovel tests, were analyzed according to the technological and typological criteria proposed by Aschero (1975, 1983).
Evidence was recorded of procurement, manufacture, including extraction and shaping, possible use, and recycling activities. These stages and processes are considered to correspond to recurrent occupations, which resulted in a palimpsest produced by their superposition.]]> El estudio tecnológico se centró en la determinación de las distintas etapas de la cadena técnico-operativa, con el fin de aportar información sobre un aspecto poco conocido para los sitios de este tipo dentro del área valliserrana del Noroeste Argentino.
Los materiales, procedentes de recolecciones superficiales sistemáticas y de pruebas de pala, se analizaron a partir de criterios tecnológicos y tipológicos propuestos por Aschero (1975, 1983).
Se registraron evidencias de actividades de obtención, manufactura (extracción y formatización), posiblemente uso, y reciclaje. Se considera que estas etapas y procesos corresponden a ocupaciones recurrentes, que han dado como resultado un palimpsesto consecuencia de la superposición de las mismas.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2003-03-30]]> application/pdf]]> arqueología experimental]]> puntas de proyectil]]> atlatl]]> fractura]]> puna]]> experimental archaeology]]> projectile points]]> atlatl]]> breakage]]> puna]]> The objectives were aimed at determining the interrelations between the techno-morphological design of the replicas and their resistance to impact, as well as evaluating the mechanical behavior of the components of the launching technical system: hook-propeller, or atlatl, and projectile, with a composite shaft.
The experimental plan was carried out in three stages: production of replicas, N = 10; assembly of the projectiles; and use/launching of the projectiles toward a bone impact target. After the launches, the final condition of the projectiles was evaluated in relation to the archaeological specimens.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2003-03-30]]> application/pdf]]> flotación]]> test experimental]]> macrorrestos arqueobotánicos]]> flotation]]> experimental test]]> archaeobotanic macrorremains]]> To carry out the test, sterile sediment samples from different levels of an anthropic mound were selected. Three types of seeds were added, chosen on the basis of their size: poppy, Papaver somniferum; broccoli, Brassica oleracea; and bean, Phaseolus vulgaris.
The recovery rates obtained were 100% for bean, 94.4% for broccoli, and 76.2% for poppy. Finally, the results obtained are assessed, as well as the possibility of applying them to the recovery of archaeological specimens.]]> Para realizar el test se seleccionaron muestras de sedimento estéril de distintos niveles de un montículo antrópico. Fueron adicionadas tres tipos de semillas, seleccionadas en base a su tamaño: amapola (Papaver somniferum), brócoli (Brassica oleracea) y poroto (Phaseolus vulgaris).
Las tasas de recuperación obtenidas fueron 100 % para poroto, 94,4 % para brócoli y 76,2 % para amapola. Para finalizar, se hace una valoración de los resultados obtenidos y de la posibilidad de proyectar los mismos en la recuperación de especímenes arqueológicos.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2003-03-30]]> application/pdf]]> almacenaje estatal]]> política económica]]> inka]]> state storing]]> economic policy]]> inka]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2003-03-30]]> application/pdf]]> unidad doméstica]]> actividades domésticas]]> arquitectura prehispánica]]> Quebrada de Humahuaca]]> household]]> domestics activities]]> prehispanic architecture]]> Quebrada de Humahuaca]]> In order to evaluate this model, we began by analyzing certain surface evidence from the pre-Hispanic settlement of Los Amarillos, Quebrada de Humahuaca, Jujuy, identifying an apparently recurrent architectural pattern. We selected a unit that could correspond to the simplest conception of a domestic residential compound and began its excavation.
As a result of the initial work, we recovered a highly varied assemblage of de facto refuse. The diversity of the recorded materials seems to indicate the development of a wide range of activities, including lithic knapping and reactivation, food preparation, textile production, and metallurgical practices. The arrangement of the finds shows a high degree of spatial segregation and ordering, and makes it possible to formulate initial inferences and hypotheses.]]> A fin de evaluar este modelo, comenzamos analizando ciertas evidencias superficiales del asentamiento prehispánico Los Amarillos (Quebrada de Humahuaca, Jujuy), identificando un patrón arquitectónico aparentemente recurrente. Seleccionamos una unidad que podía responder a la concepción más simple de un conjunto habitacional doméstico e iniciamos su excavación. Como resultado de los primeros trabajos, recuperamos un conjunto muy variado de residuos de facto. La diversidad de los materiales registrados parece indicar el desarrollo de una gran multiplicidad de actividades, entre las que se cuentan talla y reactivación lítica, preparación de alimentos, textilería y prácticas metalúrgicas. La disposición de los hallazgos muestra un alto grado de segregación y ordenamiento espacial, y permite efectuar las primeras inferencias e hipótesis.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2003-03-30]]> application/pdf]]> tenencia de tierra]]> grandes propietarios]]> élite]]> campesinos]]> land tenure]]> large landowners]]> elite]]> peasants]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2003-07-30]]> application/pdf]]> casas comerciales]]> minoristas urbanos]]> sociabilidad popular]]> shops]]> urban retailers]]> popular sociability]]> In addition, the growing number of shops, pulperías, and other establishments bears witness to the economic dynamism that these cities managed to maintain despite the conflicts of the early nineteenth century. These establishments also serve as indicators of the intensity and potential of urban sociability, a variable that is also taken into account in this study.]]> Por otra parte, el creciente número de tiendas, pulperías y otros establecimientos da testimonio del dinamismo económico que lograron mantener estas ciudades, a pesar de los conflictos iniciales del siglo, y son asimismo indicadores de la intensidad de la potencialidad de la sociabilidad urbana, variable que también se toma en cuenta en este estudio.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2003-07-30]]> application/pdf]]> tribunal mercantil]]> elites]]> emigraciones políticas]]> commercial court]]> elites]]> political emigration]]> This includes their participation in the Mercantile Court and in other public offices, as well as the changes experienced by the mercantile sector during the period of the Civil Wars as a result of the political fluctuations that affected it.
The main objective of the paper is to show how the mercantile and political sectors were connected throughout this period. To this end, the records of the Mercantile Court, official correspondence from the Government Copybooks, and other additional sources were consulted.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2003-07-30]]> application/pdf]]> comerciantes]]> redes]]> sociedad]]> businessmen]]> nets]]> society]]> This paper analyzes the activities of local commercial houses and the structuring of networks prior to emigration, as well as the operation of these networks from Valparaíso, Cobija, and Potosí between 1831 and 1852. The study focuses on the analysis and tracing of a group of merchants from Salta and Jujuy throughout the first half of the nineteenth century, selecting, among them, the cases of merchants who were forced to emigrate for political reasons.]]> El trabajo analiza el accionar de casas mercantiles locales y la estructuración de redes anteriores a la emigración, así como el accionar de dichas redes desde Valparaíso, Cobija y Potosí entre 1831 y 1852. El estudio se centra en el análisis y seguimiento de un grupo de comerciantes de Salta y Jujuy a lo largo de la primera mitad del siglo XIX, entre los cuales se seleccionaron los casos de comerciantes que debieron emigrar por causas políticas.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2003-07-30]]> application/pdf]]> comerciantes]]> inserción política]]> sociedad]]> businessmen]]> political insertion]]> society]]> On this basis, the paper proposes some guidelines concerning the relationships that this sector maintained with institutions of power and among its own members.]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> Cuadernos FHyCS-UNJu]]> 2003-07-30]]> application/pdf]]>